DATA COLLECTION AND REPOSITORIES Data collection is a systematic process of gathering information to address research questions, test hypotheses, and support decision-making across disciplines such as public health, business analytics, and the social sciences. The selection of appropriate methods is influenced by research objectives, resource availability, and ethical considerations. Ensuring validity, reliability, and reproducibility is essential, as weaknesses in methodological design can introduce bias and undermine the credibility of findings (Creswell & Creswell, 2018) A variety of data collection methods are employed, including surveys, interviews, observation, sensor-based technologies, transactional data, web scraping, and experiments. Each approach presents distinct strengths and limitations. Surveys enable large-scale data collection and facilitate generalisation, although they are sensitive to questionnaire design and prone to response bias. Interviews provide rich quali...
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